Main Research Findings

1. Researchers found that piracetam and similar derived compounds such as phenylpiracetam hydrazide have the ability to positively affect aspects of cognition, depression, and psychostimulation. Additionally, the compound has the potential to combat age-related cognitive decline, stroke damage, and decreased memory retention.
2. Phenylpiracetam hydrazide is derived from phenylpiracetam by replacing the amide group with a hydrazide group. Research has found that the compound elicits positive effects on cognition and mood, while derivatives of piracetam have unique anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.

Selected Data

1. Cognitive decline can be caused by numerous factors such as old age, brain injury, depression, and anxiety. Animal test subjects were categorized into groups and administered doses of phenylpiracetam hydrazide varying from 200-600 mg daily in order to determine how age-related decline changed in response. Similarly, in stroke patients, both physical and cognitive deficiencies were seen to improve after administration of 400 mg phenylpiracetam daily [2].

2. Studies regarding the anti-inflammatory effects of phenylpiracetam were conducted by Zvejniece et. Al and examined how the inhibition of dopamine transporters through the binding of phenylpiracetam is able to reduce inflammation in the systems of male mice. The anti-inflammatory effects of the compound were identified through target profiling performed by radioligand binding and enzymatic activity. The adult male mice were administered phenylpiracetam in a 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal or peroral injection [3]. Additional studies examining the immunomodulatory effect of piracetam derivatives were studied in mice. The mice were injected with different derivatives with the dosages varying from 50-200 mg/kg in order to observe the antibody-forming effects of piracetam derivatives [4].

Discussion

1. Initial results of the study reported that all subjects receiving doses of phenylpiracetam hydrazide ranging from 200-600 mg led to a significant decrease in rates of cognitive decline. While extensive research regarding the effects of phenylpiracetam hydrazide has not yet been conducted, the evidence that is available indicates that the compound elicits similar results to phenylpiracetam in its ability to affect cognitive function, mood, and overall physical performance. Despite the lack of substantial research, phenylpiracetam hydrazide is more widely available for research usage than phenylpiracetam.

Furthermore, researchers and chemists are currently examining the specific effects of the hydrazide compound and how they can potentially be manipulated in order to strengthen its pharmacological activity. In general, hydrazides have been shown to act as hormone antagonists, vasodilators, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, and pain relievers (analgesics). Antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, antifungal, and antitumor also fall under the category of the possible benefits associated with hydrazide compounds. Based on the information suggesting that hydrazide compounds increase pharmacological activity, experts have theorized that phenylpiracetam hydrazide is more potent than phenylpiracetam. [2]

2. Results of the initial study found that the dopamine transporters were the only significant molecular targets in regards to phenylpiracetam administration. Phenylpiracetam led to a reduction of inflammatory genes such as interleukin-1 𝛃, tumor necrosis factor-𝞪, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. This allowed researchers to come to the conclusion that phenylpiracetam is highly capable of reducing inflammation and inflammatory markers [3].

Figure 1: Concentration of Phenylpiracetam in the plasma

The secondary study conducted by Ratnikov et. Al found that there was an increase in antibody-forming cells in the spleen. 200 mg/kg of the piracetam derivative was found to be the most effective dose. The research team proceeded to add a hydrazide group which was found to decrease immunosuppression and increase antibody formation. This study indicated that phenylpiracetam hydrazide has efficacious immunomodulatory characteristics [4].

Conclusion

**LAB USE ONLY**
*This information is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. THE PRODUCTS DESCRIBED HEREIN ARE FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY. All clinical research must be conducted with oversight from the appropriate Institutional Review Board (IRB). All preclinical research must be conducted with oversight from the appropriate Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) following the guidelines of the Animal Welfare Act (AWA).

Citations

[1] “Phenylpiracetam Hydrazide vs Phenylpiracetam – Bring purity nootropic from origin.” Bring purity nootropic from origin, http://www.nootropicsorigin.com/compare-products/phenylpiracetam-hydrazide-vs-phenylpiracetam/. Accessed 18 April 2023.

[2] “Phenylpiracetam Hydrazide Review, Experiences & Comparison.” Nootriment, 8 July 2018, https://nootriment.com/phenylpiracetam-hydrazide/. Accessed 18 April 2023.

[3] Zvejniece, L., Zvejniece, B., Videja, M. et al. Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activity of DAT inhibitor R-phenylpiracetam in experimental models of inflammation in male mice. Inflammopharmacol 28, 1283–1292 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-020-00705-7

[4] Ratnikov VI, Ostrovskaia RU, Vazhenina ZP, Skoldinov AP. Vliianie proizvodnykh piratsetama na antitelobrazovanie [Effect of piracetam derivatives on antibody formation]. Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1985 Nov;100(11):578-81. Russian. PMID: 4063506.

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